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        </div><article class="page single"><h1 class="single-title animated flipInX">06-计算机组成和名词解释</h1><div class="post-meta">
            <div class="post-meta-line"><span class="post-author"><a href="https://adbean.gitee.io/" title="Author" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer author" class="author"><i class="fas fa-user-circle fa-fw"></i>Adbean</a></span>&nbsp;<span class="post-category">收录于 <a href="../../categories/%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%9A/"><i class="far fa-folder fa-fw"></i>作业</a></span></div>
            <div class="post-meta-line"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw"></i>&nbsp;<time datetime="2020-10-13">2020-10-13</time>&nbsp;<i class="fas fa-pencil-alt fa-fw"></i>&nbsp;约 2370 字&nbsp;
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  <ul>
    <li><a href="#von-neumann-architecture-冯诺依曼结构">von Neumann architecture 冯诺依曼结构</a></li>
    <li><a href="#bus-计算机总线">Bus 计算机总线</a></li>
    <li><a href="#central-processing-unit-cpu-中央处理器">Central processing unit CPU 中央处理器</a></li>
    <li><a href="#secondary-storage-第二级存储器">Secondary storage 第二级存储器</a></li>
    <li><a href="#explanation-of-terms-名词解释">Explanation of Terms 名词解释</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#cpu-central-processing-unit-中央处理器">CPU Central processing unit 中央处理器</a></li>
        <li><a href="#ram-random-access-memory-随机存取存储器">RAM Random-access memory 随机存取存储器</a></li>
        <li><a href="#rom-read-only-memory-只读存储器">ROM Read-only memory 只读存储器</a></li>
        <li><a href="#bus-computing-总线">Bus (computing) 总线</a></li>
        <li><a href="#parallel-computing-并行计算">Parallel computing 并行计算</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#cloud-computing-云计算">cloud computing 云计算</a></li>
    <li><a href="#memory-内存">Memory 内存</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav></div>
            </div><div class="content" id="content"><h2 id="von-neumann-architecture-冯诺依曼结构">von Neumann architecture 冯诺依曼结构</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">von Neumann architecture</a>, List basic parts of a computer.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img
        class="lazyload"
        src="../../svg/loading.min.svg"
        data-src="../../Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png"
        data-srcset="../../Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png, ../../Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png 1.5x, ../../Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png 2x"
        data-sizes="auto"
        alt="/Von_Neumann_architecture.svg.png"
        title="Von_Neumann_architecture" /></p>
<p>根据冯诺依曼结构，<strong>电子计算机</strong>由以下组件构成：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>中央处理器</strong> Central processing unit ( <strong>CPU</strong> that contains an <strong>arithmetic logic unit</strong> <strong>算术逻辑单元</strong> and <strong>processor registers</strong> <strong>寄存器</strong> )</li>
<li><strong>控制单元</strong> Control unit( <strong>CU</strong> that contains an <strong>instruction register</strong> <strong>指令寄存器</strong> and <strong>program counter</strong> <strong>程序计数器</strong> )</li>
<li><strong>存储器</strong> Memory ( stores <strong>data</strong> and <strong>instructions</strong> )</li>
<li><strong>外部存储器</strong> External mass storage</li>
<li><strong>输入/输出设备</strong> Input and output mechanisms ( <strong>I/O</strong> <strong>输入/输出</strong>)</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="bus-计算机总线">Bus 计算机总线</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>A computer has <strong>64 MB</strong> (megabytes) of <strong>memory</strong>. How many <strong>bits</strong> are needed to <strong>address</strong> any <strong>single byte</strong> in memory?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The memory address space is <strong>64 MB</strong> $( 2^{26} = 2^6 \times 2^{20} $).</p>
<p>This means you need $ log_2 (2^{26}) = 26 bits $, to address each byte.</p>
<h2 id="central-processing-unit-cpu-中央处理器">Central processing unit CPU 中央处理器</h2>
<p><img
        class="lazyload"
        src="../../svg/loading.min.svg"
        data-src="../../ABasicComputer.gif"
        data-srcset="../../ABasicComputer.gif, ../../ABasicComputer.gif 1.5x, ../../ABasicComputer.gif 2x"
        data-sizes="auto"
        alt="/ABasicComputer.gif"
        title="ABasicComputer" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p>List basic parts of a <strong>CPU</strong>, include <strong>cache</strong> or not?</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_unit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">控制单元</a></strong> <strong>Control unit</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">算术逻辑单元</a></strong> <strong>Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_generation_unit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">地址生成单元</a></strong> <strong>Address generation unit</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">内存管理单元</a></strong> <strong>Memory management unit</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">CPU 高速缓存</a></strong> <strong>CPU Cache</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_rate" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">时钟主频</a></strong> <strong>Clock rate</strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">电压调节模块</a></strong> <strong>Voltage regulator module</strong></li>
<li><strong>&hellip;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreffer">等等</a></strong></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="secondary-storage-第二级存储器">Secondary storage 第二级存储器</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>What mean <strong>secondary storage</strong>. List some on your PC.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Secondary storage</strong> (also known as <strong>external memory</strong> or <strong>auxiliary storage</strong>) differs from <strong>primary storage</strong> in that it is not directly accessible by the <strong>CPU</strong>. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfer the desired data to primary storage.</p>
<p><strong>第二级存储器</strong>(又称<strong>外部存储器或辅助存储器</strong>)，和<strong>第一级存储器</strong>不同的是，第二级存储器和<strong>中央处理器</strong>并没有直接连通，电脑经常使用存储器的 <strong>I/O 通道</strong>来与之连接，第二级存储器使用资料缓冲器来将资料发送至第一级存储器。</p>
<p>Secondary storage is <strong>non-volatile</strong> (retaining data when its power is shut off). Modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage because secondary storage is less expensive.</p>
<p>在不供应电源的情况下，第二级存储器的资料仍然不会消失—这表示它是非易失性的。</p>
<p>我们常用的第二级存储器有: <strong>硬盘</strong>：hard disk drives (<strong>HDDs</strong>) or solid-state drives (<strong>SSDs</strong>)、<strong>CD</strong> 和 <strong>DVD</strong>、<strong>闪存</strong>(如<strong>U 盘</strong>)、<strong>软盘</strong>(已很少见) 等等。</p>
<h2 id="explanation-of-terms-名词解释">Explanation of Terms 名词解释</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>使用维基百科，解释以下概念：<strong>CPU</strong>、<strong>RAM</strong>、<strong>ROM</strong>、<strong>Bus (computing)</strong>、<strong>Parallel Computing</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="cpu-central-processing-unit-中央处理器">CPU Central processing unit 中央处理器</h3>
<p>A <strong>central processing unit</strong> (<strong>CPU</strong>), also called a <strong>central processor</strong>, <strong>main processor</strong> or just <strong>processor</strong>, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program. The CPU performs basic <strong>arithmetic</strong>, <strong>logic</strong>, <strong>controlling</strong>, and <strong>input/output (I/O)</strong> operations specified by the instructions in the program.</p>
<p><strong>中央处理单元</strong>（CPU），又称<strong>中央处理器</strong>、<strong>主处理器</strong>或<strong>处理器</strong>，是计算机内执行指令、构成计算机程序的电子电路。CPU 根据程序指令进行基本的<strong>算术</strong>、<strong>逻辑</strong>、<strong>控制</strong>和<strong>输入/输出</strong>（<strong>I/O</strong>）操作。</p>
<h3 id="ram-random-access-memory-随机存取存储器">RAM Random-access memory 随机存取存储器</h3>
<p><strong>Random-access memory</strong> (<strong>RAM</strong> /ræm/) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory.</p>
<p><strong>随机存取存储器</strong>（RAM）是一种计算机存储器，是<strong>与 CPU 直接交换数据</strong>的内部存储器，可以按任何顺序读取和更改，通常用于存储工作数据和机器代码。随机存取存储设备允许在几乎相同的时间内读取或写入数据项，而不管数据在内存中的物理位置如何。</p>
<h3 id="rom-read-only-memory-只读存储器">ROM Read-only memory 只读存储器</h3>
<p><strong>Read-only memory (ROM)</strong> is a type of <strong>non-volatile</strong> memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device. Read-only memory is useful for storing software that is rarely changed during the life of the system, also known as <strong>firmware</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>只读存储器(ROM)<strong>是一种</strong>非易失性</strong>存储器，用于计算机和其他电子设备。存储在 ROM 中的数据在存储设备制造后不能被电子修改。只读内存对于存储在系统生命周期中很少改变的软件非常有用，也称为<strong>固件</strong>。</p>
<h3 id="bus-computing-总线">Bus (computing) 总线</h3>
<p>In <strong>computer architecture</strong>, a <strong>bus</strong> is a communication system that <strong>transfers data</strong> between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers all related hardware <strong>components</strong> (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication <strong>protocols</strong>.</p>
<p>在<strong>计算机体系结构</strong>中，<strong>总线</strong>是一种<strong>通信系统</strong>，它在计算机内部的组件之间或在计算机之间<strong>传输数据</strong>。这个表达式涵盖了所有相关的<strong>硬件组件(电线、光纤等)和软件，包括通信协议</strong>。</p>
<h3 id="parallel-computing-并行计算">Parallel computing 并行计算</h3>
<p><strong>Parallel computing</strong> is a type of computation where many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be <strong>divided</strong> into smaller ones, which can then be solved <strong>at the same time</strong>. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism.</p>
<p><strong>并行计算</strong>是一种计算类型，其中许多计算或进程的执行同时进行。大问题通常可以<strong>分为小问题</strong>，然后可以<strong>同时解决</strong>。 并行计算有几种不同形式：位级，指令级，数据和任务并行。</p>
<h2 id="cloud-computing-云计算">cloud computing 云计算</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>写一段文字，简单解释 <strong>云计算</strong>（cloud computing）</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Cloud computing</strong> is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user. The term is generally used to describe data centers available to many users <strong>over the Internet</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>云计算</strong>是计算机系统资源（尤其是数据存储（云存储））和计算能力的按需可用性，而无需用户直接进行主动管理。该术语通常用于描述 Internet 上可供许多用户使用的数据中心。</p>
<p>除了<strong>维基百科</strong>上的定义，通俗地说：<strong>云计算</strong>是一种使计算分布在大量分布式计算机上，而非在<strong>本地计算机</strong>或者远程服务器上，云计算使得计算资源能够<strong>共享</strong>，用户<strong>按需求</strong>寻求计算能力和存储。本质上看，云计算就是把计算力和存储跟本地分离。</p>
<p>打个比方，以前村里的村民想喝水，需要<strong>自己</strong>到井里打水上来。后来村里进步了，装上了<strong>自来水</strong>，村民在家里打开水龙头就可以用上自来水。<strong>云计算</strong>就像是<strong>自来水厂</strong>，它帮助大家对水进行收集、处理，然后根据用户的<strong>需求</strong>传送到千家万户。云计算也一样，它帮助大家搭建数据中心，把数据中心的资源根据客户的需求<strong>分配</strong>给客户。</p>
<h2 id="memory-内存">Memory 内存</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>小孙买了计算机主板，说明书表明&quot;支持双通道 DDR3-1333 内存，最大支持 16G&rdquo;</p>
<p>1）DDR3 内存，“3”和“1333”的含义是什么？</p>
<p>2）小孙买 8G DDR3-1600 的内存能提高性能吗？</p>
<p>3）小孙买 4G*2 DDR3-1333 的内存能提高性能吗？</p>
<p>4）16G 需要多少位地址？</p>
<p>备注：维基百科（中文）“DDR3 SDRAM”</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>DDR3</strong> SDRAM <strong>第三代双倍资料率同步动态随机存取存储器</strong>
<strong>Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory</strong>, officially abbreviated as DDR3 SDRAM, is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) with a high bandwidth (&ldquo;double data rate&rdquo;) interface, and has been in use since 2007.</p>
<p>Double Data Rate 3 <strong>同步动态随机存取存储器</strong>，正式缩写为 DDR3 SDRAM，是一种具有高带宽（&rdquo; double data rate&rdquo;）接口的同步动态随机存取存储器（SDRAM），自 2007 年以来一直在使用。</p>
<p><img
        class="lazyload"
        src="../../svg/loading.min.svg"
        data-src="../../DDR3.png"
        data-srcset="../../DDR3.png, ../../DDR3.png 1.5x, ../../DDR3.png 2x"
        data-sizes="auto"
        alt="/DDR3.png"
        title="ddr3" /></p>
<p>综上：</p>
<p><strong>DDR3</strong> 的 3 指的是<strong>第三代</strong>双倍速率同步动态随机存储器，如今已发展到 DDR4 甚至 DDR5 也有望。 <strong>1333MHz</strong> 指的是内存数据速率也即 <strong>I/O 总线时钟</strong>，但是单向 I/O 总线时钟为 666.67MHz，这是因为<strong>双倍速率同步动态随机存储器</strong>的时钟的<strong>上沿和下沿</strong>都能传输数据，也即 $ 666.67 \times 2 = 1333MHz $</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>小孙的计算机主板支持双通道 DDR3-<strong>1333</strong> 内存，最大支持 16G，他买 8G DDR3-<strong>1600</strong> 的内存，尽管可以在该主板上使用，但是主板会将其<strong>主动降频至 1333Mhz</strong>，也就是说<strong>性能并没有提高</strong>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>小孙的计算机主板支持<strong>双通道</strong> DDR3-1333 内存，最大支持 16G，小孙购买 <strong>4G*2 DDR3-1333</strong> 的内存可以实现双通道，<strong>内存带宽翻倍</strong>并且<strong>缓解内存访问冲突</strong>，可以提升计算机性能，并且要比 8G*1 DDR3-1333 单通道内存的性能高一点。但是双通道最好内存大小、频率相同且都为 ddr3 或是 ddr4</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>16 GB</strong> $( 2^{34} = 2^4 \times 2^{30} $)，即 16G 需要 34 位地址</p>
</li>
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